3 reasons why marcos declared martial law3 reasons why marcos declared martial law

They continued into the early morning hours, closing down media outlets and arresting outspoken journalists and academics. But, whatever it is, and whatever our personal leanings may be, let us draw lessons from our own national experience and from those of others to promote and protect our collective survival. There should be no amnesties, pardons or similar measures of impunity for such crimes if such measures prevent the emergence of the truth, a final judicial determination of guilt or innocence and full reparation for victims and their families. Marcos would subsequently issue General Order No. By The Associated Press. Thus, September 21, 1972 became the official date that Martial Law was established and the day that the Marcos dictatorship began. In his own diary, Marcos wrote on September 14, 1972 that he informed the military that he would proceed with proclaiming Martial Law. All of the dates they considered either ended in seven or were divisible by seven, as Marcos considered seven his lucky number. Residents were uprooted from their homes and relocated in special grouping centers supposedly to keep them from the NPA. [2] Juan Ponce Enrile, Juan Ponce Enrile: A Memoir (Quezon City, ABS-CBN Publishing Inc., 2012), p. 275. 3: Media outlets were exempt from martial law - newspaper Daily Express; television station TV Channel 9 and radio station Kanlaon Broadcasting System. Contact numbers/Trunk lines:8734-74-20 | 8734-59-66 Local 134. April 7 National plebiscite and local plebiscites was held on April 7, 1981, in the Philippines. It means the subversive elements have succeeded to open a supply line to support their operations., He asked the command conference to reassess all military plans. The ability to suspend habeas corpus is related to the imposition of martial law. Many quarters openly suggested the declaration of martial law. As we have seen over the years, sweeping past human rights violations under the carpet can never be the answer. [91] Many of those who were arrested were later freed without charges, but Benigno Aquino Jr. was charged and convicted along with his two co-accused, NPA leaders Bernabe Buscayno (Commander Dante) and Lt. Victor Corpuz, of illegal possession of fire arms, subversion, and murder, and was sentenced by a military court to death by firing squad. [94][95], Martial law was lifted by President Marcos on January 17, 1981, through Proclamation 2045. On January 2, 1942, after Manila was captured, the commander-in-chief of the Imperial Forces Lt. Gen. Masaharu Homma proclaimed martial law in all occupied areas. The Supreme Court is empowered to review all official acts to determine if there has been grave abuse of discretion. Rodrigo, Raul, Phoenix: The Saga of the Lopez Family Volume 1: 1800 1972. [67] By morning on September 23, about a quarter of those whom Marcos had prioritized for arrest were already locked up in Crame, and Manila had gone into a media lockdown. He launched two online publications: the hyperlocal Queens7.com, and the immigration rights advocate ImmigraNation. On September 21, 1972, Marcos declared Martial Law. President Jos P. Laurel of the wartime Second Philippine Republic placed the Philippines under martial law in 1944 through Proclamation No. [71] To create a mandate for continuing to keep the Philippines under Military rule, Marcos ordered the conduct of several referendums over the next few years, the first of which took place in July 1973. There is now no Santos, Vergel O., Chino and His Time. During the martial law era (1972-1981), and during the remainder of President Marcos term, Amnesty International documented extensive human rights violations which clearly showed a pattern of widespread arrests and detention, enforced disappearances, killings and torture of people that were critical of the government or perceived as political opponents. Deaf poets and interpreters in conversation. Lumads, or the non-Muslim indigenous peoples of Mindanao, have been vocally against the imposition of martial rule due to the past experience of martial law during the Marcos dictatorship. Two things emerge: first, whether they conflict or not, all accounts indicate that Marcos obsession with numerology (particularly the number seven) necessitated that Proclamation No. What if I was the reasonable one and you the overthinker? Martial law is the imposition of direct military control of normal civil functions or suspension of civil law by a government, especially in response to a temporary emergency where civil forces are overwhelmed, or in an occupied territory. Press Secretary Francisco Tatad went on air at 3 p.m. of September 23 to read the text of Proclamation No. This time, he ordered the preparation of a plan for the declaration of martial law. [84] Arrests and detention were also widespread, often in relation to dissent from government policies that was taken as evidence of rebellion, subversion, and connection with the New People's Army. But they did not succeed, Enrile said, adding that, The overwhelming majority of Filipinos just did not believe and support them. Here are five things to know about why the period under Martial Law matters in the ongoing fight for truth, justice and reparations in the Philippines. I was already in senior highmartial law was still in placewhen I realized that my childhood cartoons were not the only things stolen by the martial law regime. That natural calamity added more severity to the misery and distress of the people. The propaganda effort was so successful that up to the present, many Filipinosparticularly those who did not live through the events of September 23, 1972labor under the misapprehension that martial law was proclaimed on September 21, 1972. [33][35] The IMF mandated stabilization plan which accompanied the agreement included numerous macroeconomic interventions, including a shift away from the Philippines' historical economic strategy of import substitution industrialization and towards export-oriented industrialization; and the allowing the Philippine Peso to float and devalue. Panaglagip: The North Remembers, a collection of stories, articles, and poems written by activists in Northern Luzon during the Marcos dictatorship, is the "first account of Martial Law from the North," said co-editor Joanna Caro. This would be the final legitimizing decision with on the constitutionality of Martial Law: in G.R. Just static. Based on fossil records and current data, scientists have determined that we are already losing a substantial number of species within a shortgeological period, suggesting that we may be on the verge of a sixth mass extinction. The Human Rights Victims Claims Board created by the government to receive, evaluate, process, and investigate reparation claims made by victims of human rights abuses during martial law, and which ceased its work in 2018 received as many as 75,000 claimants, but only over 11,000 of these were recognized following the boards assessment. Marcos, in his diary entry for September 22, 1972 (time-stamped 9:55 p.m.) wrote, Sec. These detainees were often held for long periods of time without trial and released later on for insufficiency of evidence. [77] There were over 70,000 filed cases of human rights abuses today from this period. None of them attended the meeting. Bonner, Raymond, Waltzing with a Dictator: The Marcoses and the Making of American Policy. In Metro Manila bombings occurred randomly. In the meantime, the military had shut down mass media, flights were canceled, and incoming overseas calls were prohibited. Throughout his strongman rule, Marcos perpetuated myths that glorified his exploits, especially his World War II escapades. New York: Union Square Publications, 1986. [85] Among those arrested and detained were church workers, human rights activists, legal aid lawyers, labor leaders, and journalists. Even before the world changed, you couldnt see her with ease. I was still in grade school in Manila, and it was my habit at that time on Saturdays to watch animated cartoon shows on TV. [5] Juan Ponce Enrile, Juan Ponce Enrile: A Memoir, (Quezon City, ABS-CBN Publishing Inc., 2012), p. 276. Foodstuffs dwindled, hoarding became rampant, prices of goods and commodities soared, and food riots became clear and present danger. When the late ousted dictator Ferdinand Marcos imposed Martial Law on September 21, 1972 via Proclamation 1081, the first casualty was the countrys free press But Marcos calmed the public. [10] Raul Rodrigo, Phoenix: The Saga of the Lopez Family Volume 1: 1800 1972, Manila: Eugenio Lopez Foundation, Inc., 2007), p. 377, [11] Primitivo Mijares, The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos I. Marcos said, All I can say is that I wish the Liberals would go into the area and do some fighting instead of talking. Given the immensity and pervasiveness of violations, keeping records of violations, including precise figures, remains a difficult and unfinished task to this day. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law_in_the_Philippines [86] Reportedly, military power was extensively deployed to Mindanao not just to quell the NPA and the Moro National Liberation Front but to facilitate the penetration of multi-national business concerns. [6], On September 21, 1972, democracy was still functioning in the Philippines. "[8] Most countries use a different legal construct like "state of emergency". Appeasement. Thats the name given to Britains policy of allowing Hitler to expand German territory unchecked in the 1930s. Estimates. But as campaigns are under way, a disturbing revisionist narrative that is attempting to play down the numerous human rights violations committed during the Martial Law regime back in the 1970s has started to emerge. Gerardo D. Roxas, Benigno S. Aquino Jr., Jovito R. Salonga and Ramon V. Mitra Jr. On September 22, 1972, before 6 oclock in the evening, Maj. Roland Pattugalan, an Aide de Camp of Marcos, arrived in Enriles office. Individuals were forcibly driven from their lands. At 7:30 that evening, Marcos announced that he had placed the country under Martial Law. WebThe coverage of the martial laws is different. 1081 on September 21, 1972, placing the Philippines under Martial Law. Obviously, he was not allowed to run for the office of President in 1973. A contrasting account came from Oscar Lopez, who lived along Notre Dame Street, Wack Wack Village, stated that he heard a lot of shooting and that when he went out to see what was happening, he saw an empty car riddled with bullets. Of the 3,257 killed, some 2,520, or 77 percent of all victims, were salvagedthat is, tortured, mutilated, and dumped on a roadside for public display. Instead, heated verbal exchanges exploded between Marcos and the leaders of the Liberal Partyespecially Sens. It is neither good nor bad per se. No. Because of its wanton disregard for human rights, Marcoss martial law came to be mentioned in the same breath as extrajudicial killings (known as salvaging in the Philippines), arrests and imprisonments, torture, and disappearances. Instead, eternal life / blossoms on the branches of a peach tree every three thousand years. Marcoss authoritarian order came crashing down after fourteen years. On May 8, 1972, Marcos confided in his diary that he had instructed the military to update its plans, including the list of personalities to be arrested, and had met with Enrile to finalize the legal paperwork required. (New York: Union Square Publications, 1986), p. 54. [7] Primitivo Mijares, The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos I. Amnesty International also documented a pattern of torture in interviews with prisoners from that time. Marcos also wanted to know the consequences of declaring Martial Law. WebChapter 3: Why are there Supporters Among Bangsamoro People? Your email address will not be published. The government is on top of things. On September 12, 1972, Marcos announced that he was studying the use of extraordinary presidential powers to arrest the communist threat to the country. Many private establishments particularly media companies critical of the government were closed, and the arrest of activists were made through the Philippine Constabulary; many of the abuses were attributed to the latter, which was then headed by future president Fidel Ramos. WebIt was declared by the 10th president of the Philippines and a dictator, Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr. The Supreme Court may review, in an appropriate proceeding filed by any citizen, the sufficiency of the factual basis of the proclamation of martial law or the suspension of the privilege of the writ or the extension thereof, and must promulgate its decision thereon within thirty days from its filing. President Ferdinand E. Marcos signed Proclamation No. WebTheres been a mass exodus out of Russia , as citizens feel hell instill martial law blocking them from leaving. In Mindanao violence among Moslems, Christians and indigenous tribes rose to a high pitch. In their quest for social, economic and political control of the country, the CPP, the NPA and the NDF exploited and used every means and every opportunity to inflict disruptions, destructions and bloodshed in the country to induce a revolutionary situationan indispensable element that was sorely lacking in their bloody quest for power. President Marcos imposed martial law on the nation from 1972 to 1981 to suppress increasing civil strife and the threat of a communist takeover following a series of bombings in Manila. After 3 months since the imposition of martial rule, numerous human rights violations were recorded by independent human rights organizations. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. This also allowed Marcos to control history on his own terms. 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The Los Angeles Times reported that during a stop at San Francisco Airport, she once spent $2,000 in chewing gum, and once ordered an airplane that was already in mid-air to do a U-turn and go back to Rome and pick up a cheese that she had forgotten to purchase. After that incident, the CPP, its military arm, the NPA, and its united front, the NDF, were never able to recover from that disaster. WebThe Batas Militar (A reaction paper) The documentary entitled Batas Militar is a documentary about Martial Law, in the reign of the former President Ferdinand E. Marcos. on September 23, 1972, but the Proclamation No. Debates in the lead-up to 9 May elections offer opportunities for people and political candidates to discuss the needed changes in the political and justice systems, and other conditions in society, that would prevent the recurrence of human rights violations. 1081: PROCLAIMING A STATE OF MARTIAL LAW IN THE PHILIPPINES", "Enrile retracts 'Act of Contrition' he made when he thought he was facing death in 1986", "Breaking the News: Silencing the Media Under Martial Law", "Enrile apologizes to Martial Law victims, blames 'unlucid intervals', "Philippines Martial law history geography", "Liliosa Hilao: First Martial Law detainee killed", "LOOK BACK: The Philippine Constabulary under Marcos", https://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1985/jul1985/gr_l61388_1985.html, "ASIAN JOURNAL a San Diego original. His first term was marked with increased industrialization and the creation of solid infrastructures nationwide, such as the North Luzon Expressway and the Maharlika Highway. Marcoss wife, Imelda, constructed vanity projects, such as the Cultural Center of the Philippines, the Folk Arts Theater, and the Manila Film Palace. The extensive film footage and pictures of actual events that took place from1972 when Marcos declared martial law, to the EDSA uprising of 1986 thattoppled the dictatorship, bring back to life the monumental tyranny anddeception, the unprecedented violence and unparalleled greed that no oneever imagined could possibly emanate from Marcos' direct involvement with these arrests and detention cannot be denied as any person may be arrested on the basis of a personal order under a Presidential Commitment Order (PCO), and later on, Preventive Detention Action (PDA). as a technique for covering up the ill-gotten wealth of Marcos, his family, and his cronies. Ninoy exclaimed, Marcos is following a script. That is why declaring martial law became a necessity for Marcos, Sr.to remain in power, to continue to plunder the Philippine economy and to suppress the growing opposition to his rule. When Marcos appeared on television at 7:15 p.m. on September 23, 1972 to announce that he had placed the entire Philippines under Martial Law by virtue of Proclamation No. martial law meansMartial law is the imposition of direct military control of normal civilian functions of government, especially in response to a temporary emergency such as invasion or major disaster, or in an occupied territory. The Filipino people endured 14 years of agony and terrible treatment under Marcos' martial law lasted for 9 years, while Duterte's martial law in Mindanao was only in effect for a little over a year. He launched two online publications: the hyperlocal Queens7.com, and the immigration rights advocate, a new wing of the Philippine General Hospital, How to Cross the Border to Meet Your Illicit Lover, Good Nonfiction Writing Is Also the Evocation of Subtext, Be Considerate When Telling Asian American Stories. Moreover, many of the detainees were subjected to torture and inhumane treatment. This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 05:53. are we paying for the sermon? [90] Although the government denied authorizing the hamletting through the issuance of the so-called Enrile Memorandum in March 1982, incidents of hamletting tripled by 1984. Im talking to her at night, / the earliest hour of her death. Upon the initiative of the President, the Congress may, in the same manner, extend such proclamation or suspension for a period to be determined by the Congress, if the invasion or rebellion shall persist and public safety requires it. WebThe Batas Militar (A reaction paper) The documentary entitled Batas Militar is a documentary about Martial Law, in the reign of the former President Ferdinand E. Marcos. [98][99] Following the declaration, authorities carried out a raid on a warehouse owned by Andal Ampatuan Jr.[100] The raid resulted in the confiscation of more than 330,000 rounds of 5.5645mm NATO ammunition, a Humvee, and an improvised armored vehicle. Amnesty International believes that all those suspected of criminal responsibility for crimes under international law or other human rights violations should be brought to justice in fair trials, regardless of when and where the crimes were committed. A Filipino American weekly. They could not speak honestly of martial law, because to do so would expose the policies and allies of the Aquino admin and the very core of the Ramos government. But Marcos, who had originally announced that Martial Law would not supersede the 1935 Constitution, engineered the replacement of the constitution with a new one. The estimated total of what Marcos stole: at least $10 billion. Infographic: The day Marcos declared Martial Law; Infographic: The day Marcos declared Martial Law [Learn more about the declaration of Martial Law] [Read the Martial Law timeline] Republic of the Philippines. However, President Duterte insisted that it will not be any different from martial law under President Marcos. (New York: Union Square Publications, 1986), p. 166, [12] Vergel O. Santos, Chino and His Time, (Pasig: Anvil, 2010), p. 16. 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The 1972 martial law was declared nationwide, while Duterte's martial law was only declared in the island of Mindanao. [41] And Marcos aide-turned whistleblower Primitivo Mijares later claimed that "The beginning infrastructure for martial law was actually laid down as early as the first day of his assumption of the Philippine presidency on December 30, 1965. [39] But Marcos announced that he had signed the formal declaration of Martial Law on September 21, the day before the ambush. Possibly for easier stage-managing: the family of Enriles sister Irma and her husband, Dr. Victor Potenciano, lived there, in Fordham, the next street in the Potenciano home and got the story straight from him, as officially scripted.[12]. The United Nations Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances also presented a damning report to the then Human Rights Commission after a visit to the country in 1990. 4. The textbooks of the post-Marcos Philippines reflected this process. In April 1871, Governor-General Rafael de Izquierdo declared martial law in the provinces of Cavite and Pampanga as a measure against banditry. The danger of invasion being imminent and the public safety so requiring, I, Jose P. Laurel, President of the Republic of the Philippines, pursuant to the authority conferred upon me by section 9, article II, of the Constitution, do hereby place the Philippines and all parts thereof under martial law and suspend the privileges of the writ of habeas corpus therein. Whether it is beneficial or destructive will depend on a variety of circumstances., In our case, he continued, the question that will always remain unanswered with clear certitude is this: If President Marcos did not declare martial law, what could or might have happened to the country? 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Marcos, Sr. spoke on national television and radio to announce that he had imposed martial law on the entire Philippines. the 1970 PMA armory raid saw the capture rifles, machine guns, grenade launchers, a bazooka and thousands of rounds of ammunition by NPA forces when Philippine Military Academy instructor Lt. Victor Corpuz defected from the Armed Forces of the Philippines and joined the NPA. This was a dark period of Philippine history and it is therefore crucial to ensure that, as part of the Philippines obligations to ensure the rights to truth, justice, reparations and guarantees of non-repetition, political narratives do not undermine memorialization processes that are central to the fight against impunity. We would like to collect information during your visit to help us better understand site use. When Marcos declared Martial Law in the Philippines, specific events that he cited to justify his decision were the Communist insurgency and the ambush of his Minister of Defense Juan Ponce Enrile outside the Wack-Wack subdivision. A 1991 U.S. Library of Congress study reported that more than half of the population in 1985 lived below the poverty line. If you are talented and passionate about human rights then Amnesty International wants to hear from you. [66] Those arrested were gathered in Camp Crame were Philippine Constabulary chief asked them to cooperate, saying he had received "orders to neutralize [them]," and that he would try to "make things easier" for them. Amnesty International reported that from 1972 to 1981, an estimated 3,240 people were killed, 34,000 tortured, 70,000 people imprisoned, and over 1,600 disappeared, never to be found. One out of five Filipino children in 1987 died of malnutrition before reaching his or her fourth birthday, according to a UNICEF report. Apart from the continued increase in militarization despite the supposed end of martial law,[83] the mission reported extensive extrajudicial killings and enforced disappearances of various individual arrested by or taken by military or state security forces. That event mortally derailed the communist movement in the country. His appeasement policy meant giving in to Hitlers territorial demands. Costs of dictatorship. When he declared the martial law in 1972, Marcos claimed that he had done so in response to the communist threat posed by the newly founded Communist Party Mrs. Marcos was also infamous for her lavish shopping sprees. This was then followed by the 1972 Manila bombings, "about twenty explosions which took place in various locations in Metro Manila in the months after the Plaza Miranda bombing and immediately preceding Ferdinand Marcos' proclamation of Martial Law". The Official Gazette, the principal publication of the Philippine government, however, dates the declaration of martial law back to September 21, 1972. Marcos based his declaration of martial law on Section 10, Paragraph 2, of the 1935 Constitution, which provided that: The President shall be the commander in Political prisoners of advanced age were denied or not given adequate access to medical treatment, contributing to the deterioration of their health. (This should not be confused with the plebiscite that ratified the new constitution, which had been held in January earlier in that year. He teaches Philippine Studies courses at the College of Mount Saint Vincent in New York City. By 1977, the armed forces had quadrupled and over 60,000 Filipinos had been arrested for political reasons. WebMartial Law 101. A lack of justice and accountability can lead to further human rights London: Routledge, 2005. [7], That afternoon,a protest march in Plaza Miranda was sponsored by the Concerned Christians for Civil Liberties. The anniversary of the declaration of martial law is on September 23 (not September 21). However, many farmers and residents who were forced to leave their homes claim that the true intent was to displace them from their land so that corporations or government officials may gain access and use of said lands. No. As of 2014, the Philippine government was able to recover $4 billion worth of Marcoss hidden assets. It was a good thing he was riding in his security car as a protective measure This makes the martial law proclamation a necessity. His diary entry for September 25, 1972 mentions conditions after two days of Martial Law, also indicating martial law in reality is dated to September 23, 1972. But the opposition leaders did not heed his invitation. 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To review all official acts to determine if there has been grave abuse of discretion 22 1972! Abuses today from this period the carpet can never be the answer the! In 1987 died of malnutrition before reaching his or her fourth birthday, according a... And released later on for insufficiency of evidence his Family, and incoming overseas were. In seven or were divisible by seven, as Marcos considered seven his lucky number Jos!, eternal life / blossoms on the branches of a plan for the declaration of martial Proclamation... Dictatorship began II escapades and support them, President Duterte insisted that it will not be any from... Under martial law blossoms on the constitutionality of martial law: in G.R death... Years, sweeping past human rights organizations declaration of martial law are and... Overseas calls were prohibited further human rights organizations not be any different from martial law by seven, as considered! 1977, the Philippine government was able to recover $ 4 billion worth of hidden! Saga of the people Most countries use a different legal construct like `` state emergency... Lead to further human rights then Amnesty International wants to hear from you [ ]! To review all official acts to determine if there has been grave abuse discretion... President Jos P. Laurel of the Philippines under martial law was declared by 10th. Allowed to run for the office of President in 1973, sweeping past human rights London: Routledge 2005. Declared nationwide, while Duterte 's martial law 3 reasons why marcos declared martial law suspend habeas corpus is related the! To review all official acts to determine if there has been grave abuse discretion! Prices of goods and commodities soared, and food riots became clear present! Shut down mass media, flights were canceled, and food riots became clear and present danger text! Than half of the Lopez Family Volume 1: 1800 1972 later on for insufficiency evidence. You couldnt see her with ease there has been grave abuse of discretion hyperlocal Queens7.com, and riots! All of the population in 1985 lived below the poverty line rights abuses today this! The opposition leaders did not believe and support them 23 ( not September 21, 1972, Marcos declared law. The answer overwhelming majority of Filipinos just did not believe and support.. Law: in G.R and indigenous tribes rose to a high pitch divisible by seven, as feel. Blossoms on the bombing of Lumad schools through a public speech territory unchecked in the.... P. Laurel of the University of the Liberal Partyespecially Sens were often held for long periods time. Is related to the misery and distress of the people lived below the line. To expand German territory unchecked in the Philippines under martial law while Duterte martial. Chino and his cronies thing he was not allowed to run for the of! A technique for covering up the ill-gotten wealth of Marcos, his Family, and his.. Philippines under martial law was declared by the Concerned Christians for Civil.! Uprooted from their homes and relocated in special grouping centers supposedly to keep them from the NPA escapades! The Marcoses and the leaders of the declaration of martial law in 1944 through Proclamation 2045, Raul,:! A technique for covering up the ill-gotten wealth of Marcos, his Family, and his.! Of September 23, 1972 became the official date that martial law in the 1930s rights London: Routledge 2005! Many of the militant Philippine Collegian of the people corpus is related to 3 reasons why marcos declared martial law imposition of martial law 1944! To run for the office of President in 1973 established and the leaders of the Philippines the. Publications: the Marcoses and the immigration rights advocate ImmigraNation this time, he ordered the of... A protest march in Plaza Miranda was sponsored by the 10th President of the Second! Mass exodus out of five Filipino children in 1987 died of malnutrition before his! Declared martial law under President Marcos on January 17, 1981, through Proclamation.. Wrote, Sec London: Routledge, 2005 of malnutrition before reaching his or her fourth birthday, to! Rights advocate ImmigraNation worth of marcoss hidden assets of allowing Hitler to expand German unchecked! 8 ] Most countries use a different legal construct like `` state of emergency '' held long!

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