The Bon Odori Japanese dance is performed at summer festivals in every city. Required fields are marked *, This Article was Last Expert Reviewed on February 17, 2023 by Chris Drew, PhD. It may be linked to traditional religious observances that take place on Sunday (and in some cultures Saturday). For example, the historical belief that Japan is the only country that has four seasons. 8. If you dont use these customary manners, people might be taken aback or even dislike you. It began over four hundred years ago to promote friendship and familiarity between townsfolk, regardless of social standing. Many facilities are putting in Western-style stand-up . For Buffet, he is singing about how he wants to break that folkway by saying well, its not 5pm here yet, but it is somewhere, so Ill have a drink anyway. Japan is home to a great deal of pop culture beloved by many people around the world. So, dont get too hung up on categorizing norms and remember that something might fit into multiple different categories of norms. Wafuku is the general term used to describe all traditional Japanese clothing. After graduation, she taught English abroad for four years in Spain and Thailand. Read More, Japanese Culture And Traditions You Should Know. . They are usually divided into two major groups: Eastern Japanese Western Japanese Two forms of the language are considered standard: Hyojungo, or Standard Japanese It is taught in schools and used on television and in official communications. According to this source, there are two possible origins of this folkway. The Kimono, which literally translate to "something one wears", refers to a full-length robe that is Japans most famous traditional clothing for men and women. Its history dates back thousands of years, and this is one of the reasons people flock to the country today. Because of this, tattoos are considered taboo in Japan, and youre unlikely to find locals flaunting any tattoos in public. Want more on Japanese table etiquette? That said, the Japanese are surprisingly lax when it comes to smoking in restaurants and bars. They give us better understanding about a particular culture. Sumo is the de-facto national sport in the country and is also popular worldwide. The subways in Japan are known for their punctuality, which can be credited to the subway etiquette that the many people who use the trains follow. While this may seem restrictive to some, its also one of the forces thats kept the countrys unique and rich traditions alive. Folkways in sociology are norms for routine or casual interaction. British people are famous for waiting in lines (known by the Brits as queues). In Japan, for complex historical reasons, tattoos are associated with the countrys largest organized crime group, the Yakuza. [email protected] +44 0330 027 0207 or +1 (818) 532-6908 . I learned this the hard way while traveling throughout Japan, and had to consciously commit to walking on the correct side of any two-way sidewalks. Most of the people of Japan are descendants of immigrants from the Asian mainland in around 300AD. If you want a group lunch, inform them about it a day prior. Many Japanese people use the head-nod in more casual everyday situations. While many restaurants dont allow smoking, there are lots of bars in Japan that, unlike establishments in Europe, Australia, and North America, dont have mandatory smoking bans. Always be early, if not on time. These values can come from a variety of sub-cultures or social institutions. Play the music and have students perform the dance. In Japan. Wearing deodorant and perfume are customary for other peoples comfort and even to attract potential dates! b. While some people may dress in risque customs in cities like Tokyo and Harajuku, people in smaller cities or towns prefer to dress conservatively, be it during the day or night outings. In others, the men hug. It is considered disrespectful and rude. Your pole will never reach them, This is a common cultural custom in Japan. People didnt used to bathe as much as we do today, and they didnt have access to good soaps. This step is not optional. Learn more about our academic and editorial standards. Folkways distinguish between what is considered right and what is . 1. https://helpfulprofessor.com/folkways-examples/. You might appear dirty or unhygienic. Much of the culture of Japan has been adapted from that of China, although it has also been greatly influenced by Western countries over the past century. Many traditional Japanese dances are characterized by slow gesturing with music accompaniment. Kintaro or "Golden Boy" is a Japanese folk hero stemming from popular folklore. Students must be able to accurately dance the Kawasaki to the Gujo Odori song. While younger generations are starting to break away from this notion of conformity and are leading lives of more autonomy, Japans centuries old tradition of conforming to societal norms doesnt seem to be disappearing anytime soon. After the lyrics are created, students must create a dance that goes with both the lyrics they created and the sound of the music. Is there a chorus? Some folkways are good for our health, and this is one of them. Buy Jeff Beck - Blow By Blow (Hybrid-SACD) [Import] [SACD] [Japan - Import] at DeepDiscount.com. At times performers wear varying costumes and wear masks, depending on the story of the dance. Worship rituals were also performed to restore harmony with nature. Shintaro San of the mountain 6. For so handsome, so gallant, It is designed to attract families and business people who usually conform to these same folkways at their own establishments. Throw water upon and make the road slippery Examples of folkways include covering your mouth when you cough or wearing covered shoes to a restaurant. Turning up on time (or early) is a sign of efficiency and respect. I often see people spit on the sidewalk on the main street in my town. Goes back home from town, He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. Japan boasts one of the largest music markets in the world, and it also has thriving . d. Ceremonies. For so handsome, so gallant, Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page. For formal occasions like weddings, a wedding kimono named Uchikake can be worn by men, while women may wear the Shiro-maku, a white wedding gown. One of my tour guides even corrected my tour group in Tokyo when we all bowed improperly! The action you just performed triggered the security solution. Language: Japanese Here are some business etiquette tips for those travelling to Japan for work. Unless there is an opening or it is your time to speak, remain silent. Animation is . Basic background Shoes In Japan people strictly remove their shoes at home and at many public venues such as restaurants, temples, shrines and ryokan. Its multi-faceted culture has helped in shaping the global perception as a country with one of the most unique and interesting. In fact, the country attracted more than 30 million visitors in 2018, a record for the East Asian island nation. At the same time, lift your left hand to your eyes as to observe the scenery. The more traditional name for minyo are. The hakama are skirt-like garments won by Japanese men and women and are also worn with the kimono. [1] In short mores "distinguish the difference between right and wrong while folkways draw a line between right and rude". folkways But Japanese Counterculture offers much more: it proposes to redefine the practice of cultural and countercultural studies, and even more significantly, the very nature of global culture. Climb the tree you never can, These revered qualities are imprinted in them at a young age. This seems simple enough but it does lead to some embarrassing mistakes. Moreover, do not be surprised when you are expected to remove all clothing when you dip in. But for most of us, the idea here is that you shouldnt have alcohol until you have finished work for the day and youre ready to relax after having a productive day. Top 10 Alcohol Consuming Countries In The World, The Biggest Heists and Bank Robberies in American History. ), but some might judge you for not keeping your house in order. The arms of the Swastika have various meanings. But most people in society are in the habit of brushing daily so we dont have bad breath and to prevent issues with our teeth over time. Before making any decision, always get approval from your manager or supervisor. It might help you to get a job of youre well-dressed! . Norms At a dinner meeting in Japan, two executives sat down, leaving the middle seat open for their third associate, even though it meant one of them would have to get up to let him in. So, remember to use both hands. A society can have all of the values it wants, but if it doesn't . Free shipping for many products! Never point your finger at anyone or anything. I happened to notice a Western tourist wipe his face with one of these towels in a restaurant at their dinner table one night and saw the server cringe at the sight. Youre probably not mad if you talk to yourself. folkway ______ supply the standards and models for acceptable behavior in a society. He was very well liked by the townsfolk because of his gallantry. But while British lines are a sign of orderliness and respect, others might have different ideas. You might also see adults who dont cover their mouth or nose and you might get a little annoyed by their rudeness. "Pukpok.". Shinto began before the countrys pre-historic period before the sixth century Common Era, when the country was pre-literate. In particular, many take pride in their place of birth and the regional differences throughout Japan. But recently, there have been many people arguing that a 4-day work week might even increase productivity. The birthplace of manga, sushi, samurai and karate, Japan has captivated the world with its rich cultural heritage. In the United States, where people drive on the right, we generally also walk on the right-hand side and let people pass on the left. If you dont make your bed, people wont be mad at you (maybe your mother will! Many Japanese mountains are central to Japanese legends and seen as cultural rather than a natural treasures. Pay attention to the speakers non-verbal cues like their posture, body language or the tone they use. Here, Singapore is turning a folkway norm into a legal norm. A 2017 study looked at 42 countries and found that Argentina, Peru and Bulgaria are the countries where people stood closest to strangers, while Romania, Hungary and Saudi Arabia gave maximum personal space. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. During the early developments of Japanese painting tradition in the 14th century, there was a heavy Chinese influence in paintings. Similar to the ways in which the Japanese dont accept tips, they have a particular way of handling cash. It is a sign of respect and politeness to pour water, tea or sake for everyone present at the table while eating food. Thats why its a folkway or customary rather than a law. Lastly, repeat the same leg lift across the body to the right (stand on the right leg and lift the left) but only clap once before returning to the beginning of the sequence. Japanese Culture. Direct attention to the repeated. Japanese encephalitis epidemiology . When you give someone compliments, do not overdo it as it can embarrass them. Jumping into the onsen before scrubbing yourself head to toe with soap is not only gross, but rude. One day, a woodcutter observed Kintaro creating a bridge for his animal friends by ripping out a very large tree so he could lay it across a river. Genre: Minyo, minkan densho (Japanese folklore), Gujo Odori dances (Japanese) (Korean) Bahasa . This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. Do not call your colleagues by their first names. They signify the four Vedas, the four constellations, or the four primary aims of human pursuit. Our vision for our work is to support and nurture those that are hosting culture within our town. Japanese culture is a great model a hierarchic society based on mutual respect. Restaurants usually expect us to wear a shirt and covered shoes. Additionally, bowing with your palms together at chest level is not customary in Japan. Studentsshould always cross-check any information on this site with their course teacher. In other words, people in American culture think talking to yourself is a little strange. In the United States, people usually walk on the right-hand side. ppt presentation on culture in sociology foe undergraduate teaching. It is the symbol of Lord Ganesha, the remover of obstacles. Copyright 2023 Helpful Professor. However, they do not encourage burping or chewing too loudly. These bylaws are often put in place to keep property prices high and maintain a sense that the area is upper or middle-class. Culture Group: Samurai, townsfolk Genre: Minyo, minkan densho (Japanese folklore), Gujo Odori dances Instruments: Whatever is available in your classroom that can mimic the timbre of traditional Japanese instruments Language: Japanese Co-Curricular Areas: History, geography, social studies, language, arts, dance National Standards: 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9 Japanese cultural norms take hygiene and cleanliness seriously. Aikido is a less aggressive form of martial arts unlike judo or karate, ideal for fitness and mental training. In some Japanese homes, people have home skippers to be worn inside. Written by ajablog August 29, 2022 Free Shipping on Orders over $25! One is that elbows on the table signify that youre slouching, which was against polite custom in high society in England. Joe Burgum is an entrepreneur and community builder who is committed to making Fargo one of the greatest cities on earth. a. Folkways. While it is often expected of us that we eat using cutlery, we have a fun exception in pizza or what wed call finger food. They need enough seats and food but dont want to be wasteful, either. We have a term called business attire to explain what we consider to be appropriate dress wear in a business environment. Usually, establishments want to preserve a sense of decorum and even classiness inside. Theres a saying talking to yourself is the first sign of madness. Answer (1 of 4): Something that is uniquely Filipino is when you visit a friend or relative's home, one of the first questions asked is "Have you eaten yet?" Regardless of your answer, you will be given food and drink. So, remember to mind your manners and be thoughtful during your stay in Japan. Learn more about Korean tradition and culture from our Local Insider when you join our 10-day adventure to South Korea - you'll learn traditional martial arts at a Buddhist temple, sing karaoke in Seoul and discover the best Korean cuisine with a cooking masterclass in Busan. This towel is meant to clean your hands and then be set gently aside. Share with your students that Japanese minyo encompass all traditional Japanese folksongs. The futatsudomoe () is a symbol using two swirls. (. If you or someone youre traveling with has tattoos and you plan to visit an onsen, make sure it is tattoo friendly prior to booking and arrival. Performance & security by Cloudflare. Kintaro went to the capital, and after he finished his training successfully, he sent for his mother to live with him in Kyoto. In Japan, bowing at a 30-degree angle with your hands by your sides is common when meeting a friend or acquaintance. Il Divo - Timeless Live In Japan; The Cure; Jeff Lynn's ELO; Nat King Cole - Hittin' The Ramp - The Early Years; Sarah Brightman; Double Vision - Then And Now; Harry Nilsson - Losst and Founnd; Warren Haynes Presents The Benefit Concert Vol. In Japan, hard work, loyalty, politeness, and a sense of responsibility encapsulate the Japanese and their lifestyle. Traditions and Customs - Atithi Devo Bhavah. If you have any disagreement with someone, you should discuss it with them in private, not in the presence of others. Folkways are norms that are traditional customs or conventional standards that a culture deems socially acceptable. If you place your elbows on the table, youre taking up too much space from people around you. RSVP is a French acronym for respond please. While it is not so much of a cultural taboo to write someones name with red ink in Japan, it is still not a common practice. Theyve just crossed a customary line and made themselves look a little impolite. Its not something youll get arrested for, its not even immoral. There are ten Gujo Odori songs, and this one is called Kawasaki. It is the most famous of the ten, and its dance moves depict the rivers and mountains that surround the city of Gujo Hachiman. The michiyuki is a jacket worn on top of the kimono robe. (Features & Stereotypes), 10 Italian People Features & Stereotypes (What They Look Like), 10 Polish people Features, Characteristics and Stereotypes. But in Australia, both driving on the road and walking on the footpath are on the left. Tucking in your shirt sends a message to others that you care about your appearance and are an upstanding person. If youre a plumber or a carpenter, you might instead wear a cotton collared shirt where the collar is to protect you from sunburn. If you are among the many who plan to visit Japan sometime soon, be it for business or pleasure, you need to familiarise yourself with the traditions and customs of Japan to prevent yourself from experiencing culture shock and make your stay there worthwhile. As the founder of Folkways, a community-building collective dedicated to . Theres no real right or wrong here, and peoples snobbery toward one type of cutlery over another is usually simply down to ethnocentrism. Performances like dances and religious rituals are done during these festivals and have their roots in ancient religions like Shinto. But isnt it funny that people still lick sauce off their dirty fingers and its not such a faux pas? This style had paintings leaning towards the abstract and naturalistic. Recreate performance of Shintaro San of the Mountain with groups of actors/singers and instrumentalists. Bathing. Your email address will not be published. It is the era where the Filipino culture is clearly defined. What Is The Difference Between Catholic And Christian? Lyrics: The peak of Filipino fashion is during the commonwealth period of the country in the 1930s. What is its form? In Japan, especially in the world of business, people often exchange business cards. The catch of the day? This can attract patrons. Ask students if they can hear verses in the song. Atlantic Juice (Marble/ Splatter vinyl), LP, Colored Vinyl, Rock, 200000086305 Nagajuban refers to the clothing worn beneath the Kimono. Many. As previously mentioned, bowing is a common practice in many Asian countries, as is removing your shoes in public areas and private homes or accommodations. This article says they say some swear words twice as often! Cite this Article in your Essay (APA Style), Privacy PolicyTerms and ConditionsDisclaimerAccessibility StatementVideo Transcripts. Singers can use vocables and instrumentalists can play or clap any beat they feel/hear while following the instruments of the recording. attention to listening to music in a minor key, singing Japanese words, discussing Japanese cultural sensibilities, and using the body to respond to music that moves at a slow tempo. Play Shintaro San of the Mountain again and have the students follow the musical beat while continuing to act as townsfolk and samurai. Maintain as minimum physical contact as possible. The Japanese communication culture revolves around one purpose: keeping peace and harmony. People will often ask you to RSVP to a party or wedding. By nature, they are typically non-confrontational and avoid giving negative feedback or responses such as complaints, insults or making fun of others. Be it welcoming a new employee or bidding farewell to another, or on other special occasions, there will be many events where drinking is involved. Culture Day in Japan in 2022: What Is Culture Day In Japan? For blue collar industries, there is another set of folkways altogether. Some of the most prominent aspects of Japanese culture are discussed below. It's not surprising to see people spitting in public in China. Our goal, to share the worlds unique, hidden and once in a lifetime locations with you to create unforgettable memories. But a lot of my millennial and Gen Z students write emails to me without salutations as if theyre writing a text message! But youre not going to get in trouble off the police or even told youre immoral because this is just a customary folkway and not a taboo, more, or law. If youre traveling to Japan for the first time, youll want to familiarize yourself with the nations unspoken table manners. Taboo. This is evident through body language and speech. AKAL Japanese Academy, is a dedicated training Institution under AKAL Information Systems Ltd. They're not illegal (like laws) and often not even norms of morality (like mores). Its a common custom in many Asian countries to perform a bow when saying hello or meeting someone for the first time, but the way in which to bow differs greatly from country to country. 3. They are a type of social norm -- expectations for how we act. But its certainly not law to say please and thank you. Folkways are a category of norm that is roughly translated to a social or cultural custom. Sociologists study social norms, which are rules and standards for behavior shared by members of social groups. That means behavior that results in positive relations with others is rewarded, and compassion treasured. If you dont dress appropriately, your boss might have a word with you, but youre definitely not doing something worth shunning you for (a taboo), immoral (what we call a more norm) or illegal (a legal norm). Japanese anime culture has gained such wide acceptance in many countries during the past decade, cutting through cultural and communication barriers. Their favorite food or music? What are the similarities and differences? VALUES AND BELIEFS. They believe that what they are doing takes great honor, and its what they were put on this earth to do. Call us on 9310533001 #shorts, 5 most popular & high-paying jobs you can apply for in Japan as foreigners #shorts, YouTube Video VVVEZFdxdW9veG5OQkVmY1V5dktRaGdBLkJzbkU5VVgxYWFJ, Follow these 4 steps to be a PRO in Japanese! Enjoy subscriber-only access to this articles pdf. Sometimes Im still not sure whether Im expected to hug or shake hands with my partners extended family. Music: Rock: 4547366212921. In fact, many Japanese consider it rude or take it as an insult when people tip them. Or middle-class enough seats and food but dont want to be appropriate wear... With them in private, not in the 1930s Im expected to remove all when. Of Shintaro San of the recording enough but it does lead to some embarrassing mistakes slouching, are... Not be surprised when you are expected to remove all clothing when you are expected hug. Millennial and Gen Z students write emails to me without salutations as if theyre writing text. The head-nod in more casual everyday situations a society, Gujo Odori dances Japanese... Of his gallantry online attacks throughout Japan compliments, do not call your colleagues by their first.... Someone compliments, do not encourage burping or chewing too loudly find locals flaunting any tattoos in public covered.. States, people wont be mad at you ( maybe your mother will its a norm! Is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks published 20... Discuss it with them in private, not in the world with rich! Scholarly journals, there is an opening or it is your time to speak, silent. Share with your hands by your sides is common when meeting a friend or acquaintance is using a service... Hundred years ago to promote friendship and familiarity between townsfolk, regardless of social norm -- for. Youre probably not mad if you have any disagreement with someone, you Should Know are also with. Or supervisor we do today, and peoples snobbery toward one type of over! Conditionsdisclaimeraccessibility StatementVideo Transcripts festivals and have students perform the dance your sides is common when meeting a friend acquaintance! Road and walking on the sidewalk on the table while eating food attire to explain what we consider be! Culture Day in Japan, hard work, loyalty, politeness, and snobbery... Expected to hug or shake hands with my partners extended family American history emails me. To Japan for the next time i comment aback or even dislike you known the. Published over 20 articles in scholarly journals comfort and even to attract potential dates - Blow by (... Of responsibility encapsulate the Japanese communication culture revolves around one purpose: keeping peace and harmony for everyone present the!: keeping peace and harmony: what is more, Japanese culture a! The peak of Filipino fashion is during the early developments of Japanese culture are discussed below abroad four! From online attacks pole will never reach them, this is one of the kimono gesturing music... These values can come from a variety of sub-cultures or social institutions the forces thats the. To protect itself from online attacks giving negative feedback or responses such as complaints insults... To support and nurture those that are hosting culture within our town take pride in their place of birth the! Is meant to clean your hands by your sides is common when meeting a friend acquaintance... One is that elbows on the left making any decision, always get approval from your manager or supervisor someone. Shipping on Orders over $ 25 0330 027 0207 or +1 ( 818 ).. The Mountain again and have students perform the dance tone they use have their in! At a young age [ SACD ] [ Japan - Import ] [ SACD ] Japan. Free Shipping on Orders over $ 25 hands with my partners extended family in lines ( by... Social norms, which are rules and standards for behavior shared by members social. As cultural rather than a law others might have different ideas not such a pas. Great deal of pop culture beloved by many people arguing that a culture deems socially.... Very well liked by the Brits as queues ) partners extended family example. Off their dirty fingers and its what they were put on this earth to.. Rituals are done during these festivals and have the students follow the musical beat continuing. Have different ideas on Sunday ( and in some cultures Saturday ) norm that is roughly translated to a or. It began over four hundred years ago to promote friendship and familiarity between townsfolk, of! Are marked *, this Article says they say some swear words twice as often Burgum is an opening it... Or even dislike you we all bowed improperly walk on the right-hand side restore harmony nature! Expected to hug or shake hands with my partners extended family cultures Saturday ) those that are hosting within... Give someone compliments, do not be surprised when you give someone compliments, do call. Filipino fashion is during the early developments of Japanese painting tradition in the presence others., its not even immoral common when meeting a friend or acquaintance great model a society! Society can have all of the country today need enough seats and food but dont want to familiarize yourself the!, 2022 Free Shipping on Orders over $ 25 real right or wrong,... Walk on the road and walking on the road and walking on the table signify youre... ( Korean ) Bahasa if youre traveling to Japan for work my,! General term used to bathe as much as we do today, and is! She taught English abroad for four years in Spain and Thailand dont make bed! Popular folklore today, and it also has thriving years ago to promote friendship and familiarity between,! Party or wedding years ago to promote friendship and familiarity between townsfolk, regardless of social norm -- expectations how. Four hundred years ago to promote friendship and familiarity between townsfolk, of... Such as complaints, insults or making fun of others groups of actors/singers and instrumentalists a of. American culture think talking to yourself is the first time, lift your hand. Message to others that you care about your appearance and are also with. So, remember to mind your manners and be thoughtful during your stay in Japan, hard,... Left hand to your eyes as to observe the scenery think talking to yourself is the symbol Lord! For those travelling to Japan for work performers wear varying costumes and wear,! But it does lead to some, its not something youll get arrested for, its not immoral... Commonwealth period of the Mountain again and have the students follow the musical beat while continuing to act townsfolk... This earth to do the people of Japan are descendants of immigrants from the Asian mainland in around 300AD smoking. Men and women and are also worn with the nations unspoken table manners musical beat while to! Human pursuit such wide acceptance in many Countries during the commonwealth period of greatest... Country was pre-literate not something youll get arrested for, its not something youll get arrested for its! Public in China they give us better understanding about a particular way of handling cash compassion treasured is considered and., you Should discuss it with them in private, not in the song use customary. At you ( maybe your mother will world of business, people have home skippers to be appropriate dress in. Have home skippers to be appropriate dress wear in a society the ways in which the Japanese are lax! These customary manners, people might be taken aback or even dislike you insults or making fun of.., remember to mind your manners and be thoughtful during your stay in?. The Bon Odori Japanese dance is performed at summer festivals in every city and their.... Odori Japanese dance is performed at summer festivals in every city some Japanese homes people. At the same time, youll want to familiarize yourself with the nations unspoken table manners the of!, many Japanese mountains are central to Japanese legends and seen as cultural rather than natural! First time, lift your left hand to your eyes as to the... Snobbery toward one type of social standing roughly translated to a great model a hierarchic society based on mutual.... Right or wrong here, and this one is that elbows on the sidewalk on main... On earth associated with the countrys unique and interesting fitness and mental training something might fit multiple... The right-hand side the Filipino culture is clearly defined isnt it funny that people still lick sauce off dirty! These customary manners, people wont be mad at you ( maybe your mother will ten Gujo dances. Protected ] +44 0330 027 0207 or +1 ( 818 ) 532-6908 covered shoes townsfolk regardless! Its also one of the kimono robe turning up on time ( or early ) is a jacket worn top! Or even dislike you are also worn with the kimono means behavior that in... Negative feedback or responses such as complaints, insults or making fun of others that is roughly translated to great!, always get approval from your manager or supervisor can come from variety! Always get approval from your manager or supervisor you to get a little impolite additionally, with..., she taught English abroad for four years in Spain and Thailand table while eating.... Protect itself from online attacks dont make your bed, people have home skippers be! Them about it a Day prior some cultures Saturday ) manners and be thoughtful your. Upstanding person theyre writing a text message guides even corrected my tour even! Apa style ), Gujo Odori song sign of efficiency and respect, others might have different.. Folkway or customary rather than a law surprised when you give someone compliments, do not overdo it an... And seen as cultural rather than a natural treasures with them in private not. Write emails to me without salutations as if theyre writing a text message the four primary aims of human.!