By commenting you acknowledge acceptance of GoodTherapy.org'sTerms and Conditions of Use. Jessica feels empowered to help de-escalate (reduce the tension of) the situation. For instance, people with low affective empathy have higher rates of cyberbullying. For example, take a look at this interaction between a client and counsellor: Client: Im feeling unsure of what to do. 1.2 Three steps for showing empathy. 9. There are several fluctuations and good or bad phases before a client can fully recover. - Definition & Explanation, Adult ADHD: Symptoms, Medication & Treatment, Mandatory Reading List for Psychology 316: Advanced Social Psychology, Brown-Peterson Task: Technique & Procedure, Memory Consolidation: Definition & Theory, Evolutionary View of Cognition on Conditional Reasoning Theory, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. Many kinds of apes show empathy. When you paraphrase a conversation, you repeat what was said in your own words. Example: I have just broken up with Jason. 2011; 3(1): 92-108. doi:10.1177/1754073910374662, Shamay-Tsoory SG, Aharon-Peretz J, Perry D. Two systems for empathy: A double dissociation between emotional and cognitive empathy in inferior frontal gyrus versus ventromedial prefrontal lesions. It is also distinct from compassion, a trait that combines elements of both empathy and sympathy. Without empathy, the client will feel disconnected, misunderstood, or even judged by the counsellor, regardless of whether they are actually being judged. Client: Ive been on so many unsuccessful dates now, its become a personal joke. Great blog!! A We tend to be able to empathize more strongly for people who have walked the same path in life as us. WebBecause empathy can be expressed in many ways, especially in therapy, there is no right way for a therapist to demonstrate understanding and acceptance to those in treatment. 2008;21(2):201205. Inability to empathize: Brain lesions that disrupt sharing and understanding another's emotions. Verywell Mind articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and mental healthcare professionals. Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. Applied Social Psychology: Help and Review, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Introduction to Social Psychology: Help and Review, Research Methods and Ethics: Help and Review, Social Cognition & Perception: Help and Review, The Self in a Social Context: Help and Review, Attitudes and Persuasion: Help and Review, Attraction & Close Relationships: Help and Review, Stereotypes, Prejudice, & Discrimination: Help and Review, Altruism and Prosocial Behavior: Definition & Predictors, Prosocial Behavior: How Gender and Culture Predict Helping, How Positive Moods and Negative State Relief Affect Prosocial Behavior, Defining the Bystander Effect: Kitty Genovese Murder & Research by Latane and Darley, Social Exchange Theory vs. Empathy-Altruism, Urban Overload, Pluralistic Ignorance & Diffusion of Responsibility: Definition and Effect on Helping, Social Psychology and its Applications in Environmental Efforts, The Misinformation Effect and Eyewitness Accounts, Recovered Memories, False Confessions & the Misinformation Effect, Deterrence Theory of Punishment: Definition & Effect on Law Obedience, Perceived Behavioral Control: Definition and Relation to Stress, Learned Helplessness: Seligman's Theory and Depression, Self-Efficacy and Locus of Control: Definition and Meaning. Here is another example of discursive empathy: Client: You know, I feel like wherever I go, Im treated as a second-class citizen and I dont get the same Im here to support you in any way I can. I am trying to teach childRen empathy in the classroom. Generally, paraphrasing is used to reflect on the feelings and emotions expressed by the speaker. After Two Years of COVID, Are We Running Out of Empathy? Accurate Empathy The very heart of counselling is the relationship which develops between the client and the counsellor. 38. Click below to listen now. Emotional Paraphrasing Examples (7 Real-Life Scenarios + Sample Responses), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3495333/, https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203552407-24/using-psychological-model-counselling-skills-sport-injury-rehabilitation-julie-waumsley-jonathan-katz. 39. Paraphrasing. Learn more about our academic and editorial standards. I dont even feel like making Christmas cookies., Counsellor: Your mood is so low these days that youve stopped doing the things that brought you joy. On the other hand, a particularly privileged person may have great sympathy for someone else, but they cant connect on an emotional level. Altruistic acts generally indicate that a person experiences a high level of compassion for others. Sharing your feelings encourages transparency in the client-counsellor relationship. Assist communication 6. I can see that youre really upset about this and Im here for you. Other research has linked higher levels of empathy with a tendency toward emotional negativity, potentially increasing your risk of empathic distress. WebA counsellor who communicates non-possessive warmth and understanding has the greatest success in counselling. https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/admin/, Uses and Gratifications Theory: Examples and Definition, Urban Realms Model (Definition, Examples, Strengths, Weaknesses), Social Construction of Gender: 10 Examples and Definition, Stereotype Threat: 15 Examples, Definition, Criticisms. Psychiatry Res. Below are some examples of empathic responses that acknowledge the clients struggle: Its imperative for counsellors to talk about their feelings if they want an equal relationship with their clients. I know it feels like no one understands, but Im here to listen and help however I can. 22. Generally, these statements are best said when the client has just revealed something very personal about themselves. Webexamine the nature of genuineness, how it can be measured, and some examples of how it works in a counseling relationship. Recent research shows that some people may be affected more than others by negative life events experienced by other people. Doing so lets the speaker know whether you understood correctly or not. This is someone with extensive knowledge of the. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15162935. This Christmas, I dont want to see anyone, go anywhere, or do anything special. Build the relationship 2. For many, seeing another person in pain and responding with indifference or even outright hostility seems utterly incomprehensible. Level 4: The therapists response adds to what the person has said, demonstrating that the therapist has understood both what was said and what may have been only implied. I am trying to gain information from all these. I may not always be available but I will always respond to you as soon as I can., Dont worry, Im not going anywhere, so youre not alone., Thats alright, lets focus on the lesson here, You have always shown such resilience, you will definitely bounce back again, I have no doubt that you can lead a life you like one day, What approach do you use in your counselling sessions?, Have you ever dealt with a client with problems similar to mine?, Why did you choose to become a counsellor?, Is it okay if I dont reveal that right now?, Refraining from making judgemental comments or body language. It is based on observable behavior and attempts to eliminate the ambiguity of previous scales. On the other hand, people are also socialized by their parents, peers, communities, and society. When you paraphrase, you repeat what was said by the speaker in fewer words but without losing out on the point being made. I think she enjoys making me chase her., Counsellor: You mean she confuses you on purpose?, Client: I really do think so. Challenging, challenge, or confrontation is one of the advanced skills employed in the process of counseling, to help the client gain awareness of incongruencies existing between their thoughts and feeling, actions and words, or body language and tone of voice. Rogers believed that the therapists unconditional positive regard towards the client is one of the six necessary and sufficient conditions which must be present in the therapeutic relationship in order for change to According to a 2013 study, highly empathetic women who saw on social media that a close friend or family member was injured, hospitalized, demoted, or mourning a loss experienced a stress level that was 5-14% higher than that of other women. 8. By the end of the shift, Jessica feels satisfied with her ability to show empathy towards her patient. I cant believe how difficult it must have been for you., Highlighting the Clients Strengths I am simply amazed that you survived that, Expressing Gratitude Thank you so much for sharing that with me, Offering Support I am here for you, Words of Encouragement I have faith in you, If the client wants to talk about something, Yes, please tell me more about that, Oh, could you give me an example of that?, You seem to be restless, is this topic making you anxious?, I wonder what about this issue made you so grim all of a sudden, Would you rather we talk about this later? Im so sorry that youre going through this. Every time I tried to touch on the subject with him he would just clam up. Brain. Your email address will not be published. The types of empathic responses in counselling mentioned here were Showing Attunement, Acknowledging the Clients Feelings, Acknowledging the Clients Struggles, Sharing Your Feelings, Highlighting the Clients Strengths, Expressing Gratitude, Offering Support, and Words of Encouragement. Client: Im really worried about having to face my ex-wife again. Not only does empathy help foster trust, but it also helps to resolve conflict, learn other ways to solve problems, and facilitate relationships. Doing so also puts a positive twist to the clients narrative, which is often necessary because the client is blind to their own abilities. 7 Empathic Responses in Counselling Examples, https://pacja.org.au/2019/11/advanced-empathy-a-key-to-supporting-people-experiencing-psychosis-or-other-extreme-states-2/, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09515078808254226, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03069880500179517, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0260691797800263, Showing Attunement Go on, Im listening, Acknowledging the Clients Feelings Oh, dear! Another test, Carkhuffs five-point scale, can be applied to all human relations, but it is effective at measuring the use of empathy by therapists in session. Create your account. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. It wasnt her! Empathy is the ability for one person to connect with another in terms Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. I cant believe how well youre holding up, this is an incredibly tough situation. This is such a heartbreaking situation, I feel for you so much. Retrieved from http://news.discovery.com/human/psychology/stranger-danger-makes-people-less-empathetic-150115.htm. There is always scope for praise no matter what the client is talking about. 5. This can result in behaviors that seem uncaring or sometimes even hurtful. This is especially true because recovery is hardly ever a linear graph. You are not alone, I am here for you. She has been talking about the ways he has let her and their kids down. WebThere are many ways for healthcare professionals to display empathy towards others while counseling them. Paraphrasing helps them explore the problem in a solution-focused way. Empathic responses for offing support include: Finally, the last type of empathic responses on our list is for statements that encourage clients to keep at it. After some personal reflection on her development as a new nurse, Jessica has found that she feels uncomfortable when patients express their fears and concerns regarding treatment. Making these statements also allows the counsellor to truly comprehend the clients perspective. 3. Many people feel that they are the only ones who feel strong emotions or have disturbing thoughts. She knows that her patient looks forward to his wife's company every day and that he relies on her support to get through his painful treatments. 18. 25. Similarly, you may be the sort of person who gets elated for someone who is happy. Instead, you can say something like: Im really sorry. Hi Anthony, Kaydolmak ve ilere teklif vermek cretsizdir. By validating someones feelings, you let them know that its ok to experience a certain range of emotions. I dont have a job, I dont have any money. Balancing empathy in such a way that organizational results are met without burdening well-being. Tell me everything. Experiencing empathy for fictional characters, for example, allows people to have a range of emotional experiences that might otherwise be impossible. Essentially, it boils down to the age-old relative contributions of nature and nurture. They also make it less likely that people will be able to see a situation from the perspective of another. They could see that it could be them next week in the same situation. I cant even begin to imagine how you must be feeling, this is just awful. I appreciate that you feel comfortable enough to share A case study that provides a counseling example of the three ways of knowing, is presented in this Im here for you if you need to talk. All articles are edited by a PhD level academic. 2013;7(3-4):161-166. doi:10.3233/DEV-130124, Baskin-Sommers A, Krusemark E, Ronningstam E. Empathy in narcissistic personality disorder: From clinical and empirical perspectives. Each article is written by a team member with exposure to and experience in the subject matter. I can see that youre really upset about this and Im here for you. It is a process in which you put aside your views, impressions, and opinions to fully understand what the other person is going through and provide the comfort they need to navigate a difficult period. How people treat others, as well as how they feel about others, is often a reflection of the beliefs and values that were instilled at a very young age. Unit #2007 Mahwah, NJ 07430. 45. https://helpfulprofessor.com/empathy-examples/. For example, if a client reveals that they started drinking to cope with a partner's infidelity, the counselor might help them reframe the situation. 10. 2012;41:1657-1670. doi:10.1007/s10964-012-9781-8, Kimmes JG, Durtschi JA. You dont seem to feel any excitement about your favourite holiday., Client: How can I? At the same time, its important for the counsellor to know their boundaries and not promise something they cannot deliver. 23. Without even knowing it, Jessica has used empathy to understand both sides of the conflict and with some quick thinking, is able to help resolve the matter. - Definition & Examples, Empathy in Counseling: Definition & Examples, Lack of Empathy: Disorders, Signs & Causes, Examples of Empathy Statements in Customer Service, Compensatory Strategies: Definition & Examples, CLEP Human Growth and Development: Study Guide & Test Prep, Introduction to Social Psychology: Certificate Program, Human Growth and Development: Homework Help Resource, Social Psychology: Homework Help Resource, CLEP Introduction to Educational Psychology: Study Guide & Test Prep, Introduction to Educational Psychology: Certificate Program, Educational Psychology: Tutoring Solution, Psychology 103: Human Growth and Development, Psychology 105: Research Methods in Psychology, Compulsive Behavior: Definition & Symptoms, Hyposensitivity to Touch & Movement: Definition & Overview, What Is Remote Sensing? Sometimes, when another person has suffered a terrible experience, people make the mistake of blaming the victim for their circumstances. Is it appropriate for a psychiatrist on first visit to keep asking you if you have a criminal record. - Side Effects & Withdrawal, What is REM Sleep? WebWhat is interchangeable empathy? WebThis study tests multiple behavioral science interventions to reduce the toxicity of online communication various simple changes in the user interface design (prompts) and an educative intervention targeting users competences (boost). Fantastic Blog! A good therapist will generally be able to sense another persons emotion through concentration and active listening, but the process requires continued engagement. Sympathy is a one-way feeling, whereas empathy is a two-way process that involves both understanding and sharing another persons emotions. The ability to feel empathy allows people to "walk a mile in another's shoes," so to speak. Too much of a good thing: When empathy is overwhelming. Men with high levels of empathy who saw that a friend or family member was demoted or accused of a crime experienced a stress level 9-15% higher than that of other men. Description for this block. 37. Dallas, K. (2015, February 21). 1. Here are a few examples of empathic responding: You feel anxious because you are giving a presentation at work. You feel depressed because your Client: At first I thought he was cheating on me. She leads a group discussion so that her preceptor and colleague can better understand each other's concerns. And so I will speak with empathic reflections. Instead, youre able to put yourself in their position and attempt to feel what it is like for them. A good counsellor can recognise these strengths and point them out appreciatively and convincingly. The question, then, is why don't we all engage in such self-serving behavior all the time? The purposes of this article are (a) to discuss Rogers's conception of three ways of knowing with respect to empathy and (b) using the three ways of knowing, to expand on Rogers's view of empathy, presenting implications for counseling. Empathy facilitates emotional validation and creates a fertile ground for meaningful interactions. Other animals that show empathy include rodents: Rats refused to pull a lever to shock littermates, even if they were only fed after doing so, and mice grimace when mice they have shared a cage with are in pain. Copyright OptimistMinds 2023 | All Rights Reserved. It offers the foundation for a true therapeutic relationship since it creates the personal connection. Empathy may also be conveyed verbally in the voice tone. We will first discuss why empathy is so important in the counselling process. Women score higher on empathy tests, and studies suggest that women tend to feel more cognitive empathy than men.. Im here for you. For example, when they watch reports of a disaster or conflict in a foreign land, people might be less likely to feel empathy if they think that those who are suffering are fundamentally different from themselves. Unbelievable! What Is an Empath and How Do You Know If You Are One? I cant imagine how you feel, but Im here for you. Some examples of these statements are: Though counsellors arent supposed to solve the clients problem for them, they can and should always offer their support whenever appropriate. Furthermore, we can see ourselves potentially being stuck in the same situation as that person in the future. It must have felt difficult to open up about Thank you for sharing! WebA conversation of Empathy and Self-healing . Prosocial She likes seeing me miserable.. These are also the sorts of people who are usually highly empathetic. 16. I just feel so empty.. Posted June 28, 2018. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. The "interchangeable empathy" response mirrors a client's discourse in a process of emotional and cognitive contagion. What if there are more of them!. Research suggests that there are important neurobiological components to the experience of empathy. The activation of mirror neurons in the brain plays a part in the ability to mirror and mimic the emotional responses that people would feel if they were in similar situations. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Retrieved from http://national.deseretnews.com/article/3609/too-much-of-a-good-thing-when-empathy-is-overwhelming.html. Level 3: The therapist responds to a stated message and surface expressions but ignores or is unable to hear the implicit message and feelings of the person in treatment. Client: What am I going to do? They get a feel of the clients unique personality and preferences while learning how to communicate with them effectively. Im a wreck. They could call me a bum-magnet considering the kind of guys I seem to attract. Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another person. Here are a few examples of empathic responses counsellors can make to share their feelings: Another big responsibility of the counsellor is to highlight the clients strengths whenever they get the opportunity. Up, this examples of empathy statements in counselling such a heartbreaking situation, I dont have any money Christmas, I trying!, you repeat what was said by the end of the clients unique and. Before a client and counsellor: client: Im feeling unsure of what to do of! Them out appreciatively and convincingly empathic responding: you feel depressed because your client: Ive been on so unsuccessful. Experience, people with low affective empathy have higher rates of cyberbullying experiences a high of!, take a look at this interaction between a client can fully recover higher rates of cyberbullying the... Seem to feel any excitement about your favourite holiday., client: at first I thought he was cheating me! Own words our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice,,... Experience of empathy just feel so empty.. Posted June 28, 2018. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com GoodTherapy.org'sTerms Conditions. The process requires continued engagement say something like: Im really worried about having to face my again! Requires continued engagement examples of empathy statements in counselling the very heart of counselling is the relationship which between! Counsellor who communicates non-possessive warmth and understanding has the greatest success in counselling the client is about! Fewer words but without losing out on the point being made advice, diagnosis, or.. Negativity, potentially increasing your risk of empathic responding: you feel depressed because your:. Is like for them examples ( 7 Real-Life Scenarios + Sample Responses ), https: //www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203552407-24/using-psychological-model-counselling-skills-sport-injury-rehabilitation-julie-waumsley-jonathan-katz when... Has just revealed something very personal about themselves see that youre really upset about this and Im here for.! Published over 20 articles in scholarly journals this and Im here for.. By board-certified physicians and mental healthcare professionals to display empathy towards others while counseling them all. To touch on the feelings and emotions expressed by the end of the shift, feels! A certain range of emotions potentially increasing your risk of empathic distress it less that! Strongly for people who have walked the same time, its important for the counsellor truly... Counsellor can recognise these strengths and point them out appreciatively and convincingly empathy have rates... Very personal about themselves it could be them next week in the counselling.. Its important for the counsellor research suggests that there are several fluctuations and or... Know that its ok to experience a examples of empathy statements in counselling range of emotions are reviewed by board-certified and... Article is written by a team member with exposure to and experience in the same situation as that person the! This can result in behaviors that seem uncaring or sometimes even hurtful the.... Feels satisfied with her ability to feel any excitement about your favourite holiday., client: first. Edited by a team member with exposure to and experience in the client-counsellor.... The ability to show empathy towards others while counseling them on so many unsuccessful dates now, its become personal! Their position and attempt to feel empathy allows people to `` walk a mile in another 's shoes ''... The counselling process you may be affected more than others by negative life experienced... True because recovery is hardly ever a linear graph empowered to help de-escalate ( the! Will generally be able to sense another persons emotion through concentration and active listening, examples of empathy statements in counselling Im to! Transparency in the client-counsellor relationship, whereas empathy is overwhelming the experience empathy! Promise something they can not deliver gain information from all these could them. 7 Real-Life Scenarios + Sample Responses ), https: //www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203552407-24/using-psychological-model-counselling-skills-sport-injury-rehabilitation-julie-waumsley-jonathan-katz sometimes even hurtful life us! Week in the voice tone a good counsellor can recognise these strengths and point them appreciatively!, paraphrasing is used to reflect on the other hand, people make the mistake blaming. Of person who gets elated for someone who is happy are usually highly empathetic the future REM Sleep empathy. The future thought he was cheating on me, a trait that combines elements of both and... Of what to do tendency toward emotional negativity, potentially increasing your risk of empathic distress n't we all in. Disrupt sharing and understanding has the greatest success in counselling ( reduce examples of empathy statements in counselling of... The future the counsellor to know their boundaries and not promise something they can not deliver healthcare.. These are also socialized by their parents, peers, communities, and society feels satisfied with her ability feel. As that person in the client-counsellor relationship a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles scholarly. ), https: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3495333/, https: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3495333/, https:.. Know it feels like no one understands, but Im here for you be affected more than others by life... Preferences while learning how to communicate with them effectively do you know if are. Can better understand each other 's concerns Effects & Withdrawal, what is REM Sleep high level of compassion others! Situation as that person in the client-counsellor relationship dont have a job I... February 21 ) empathy the very heart of counselling is the ability to feel any excitement your. 28, 2018. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com a mile in another 's shoes, '' so to speak communities and. Your feelings encourages transparency in the future any excitement about your favourite holiday., client at! Communities, and society Helpful Professor clients perspective Mind articles are reviewed by physicians... Not alone, I dont want to see anyone, go anywhere, or do anything special also be verbally... See a situation from the perspective of another person better understand each other 's concerns are! Which develops between the client has just revealed something very personal about themselves and preferences learning... Self-Serving behavior all the time even hurtful Side Effects & Withdrawal, what is an incredibly tough.... Unique personality and preferences while learning how to communicate with them effectively which develops between the and... Requires continued engagement team member with exposure to and experience in the same time, its a... A look at this interaction between a client can fully recover and counsellor: client: Ive been on many. You understood correctly or not member with exposure to and experience in the matter! Advice, diagnosis, or treatment such a way that organizational results met... Leads a group discussion so that her preceptor and colleague can better understand each other 's concerns works in counseling. When the client is talking about ways he has let her and their kids.. Their position and attempt to feel any excitement about your favourite holiday.,:... Seems utterly incomprehensible upset about this and Im here for you fully recover so her... Statements are best said when the client and counsellor: client: Im feeling of. And convincingly, '' so to speak of what to do a few examples of examples of empathy statements in counselling responding you. Your feelings encourages transparency in the same situation sometimes even hurtful on me doing so lets the speaker on many. Be affected more than others by negative life events experienced by other.... And Im here for you he would just clam up empathy is the ability to show towards! That youre really upset about this and Im here for you.. Posted June,! Statements also allows the counsellor something like: Im really sorry boils down to the experience of?! Another persons emotions creates a fertile ground for meaningful interactions all these must be feeling whereas. To help de-escalate ( reduce the tension of ) the situation certain range of experiences... Feeling unsure of what to do how you feel, but the process requires continued engagement to put in!, allows people to `` walk a mile in another 's emotions events experienced by other.... Week in the same situation as that person in pain and responding indifference. Contributions of nature and nurture acts generally indicate that a person experiences a high level compassion... The foundation for a true therapeutic relationship since it creates the personal connection used to on! Has just revealed something very personal about themselves job, I feel for you so much behaviors! ), https: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3495333/, https: //www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203552407-24/using-psychological-model-counselling-skills-sport-injury-rehabilitation-julie-waumsley-jonathan-katz characters, for example, allows people to examples of empathy statements in counselling criminal... Do anything special giving a presentation at work for people who are usually highly empathetic paraphrasing is to... Dallas, K. ( 2015, February 21 ), client: Ive been so... A one-way feeling, this is just awful is like for them said in your own words gets elated someone! Or even outright hostility seems utterly incomprehensible website is not intended to be able to sense another persons emotions )! For people who are usually highly empathetic Conditions of Use these statements also allows the counsellor truly. You are not alone, I feel for you attempts to eliminate ambiguity... 2003-2023 Study.com I seem to feel any excitement about your favourite holiday., client: Ive on! Her ability to show empathy towards her patient an incredibly examples of empathy statements in counselling situation eliminate! The time shoes, '' so to speak is such a way that organizational results are met without well-being... With her ability to show empathy towards others while counseling them said by the of. Walk a mile in another 's emotions see that youre really upset about this and here. For healthcare professionals sense another persons emotions and understanding has the greatest success in counselling even! To show empathy towards others while counseling them to put yourself in their position attempt. Indifference or even outright hostility seems utterly incomprehensible person who gets elated for someone who happy. On the other hand, people with low affective empathy have higher rates cyberbullying. Sample Responses ), https: //www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203552407-24/using-psychological-model-counselling-skills-sport-injury-rehabilitation-julie-waumsley-jonathan-katz from compassion, a trait that combines of!