You can call send() on the returned object to send a message. Assertions and HTML reports are built-in, and you can run tests in parallel for speed. For example here is the equivalent of the example above. If you want to pretty print a JSON or XML value with indenting, refer to the documentation of the print keyword. In case you were wondering, variables (and even expressions) are supported on the right-hand-side. Defining the request is mandatory if you are using an HTTP method that expects a body such as post. """, """ # reset to defaults for the rest of the test //www.seleniumeasy.com/test/dynamic-data-loading-demo.html', # since we have the driver active, the "robot" namespace is needed, // this will attempt to capture the whole page, not just the visible part, The world needs an alternative to Selenium -, if present, Karate will attempt to invoke this, if not in the system, optional, and Karate would choose the traditional port for the given, optional, and typically only used for remote WebDriver usage where the HTTP client, optional, and rarely used only in case you need to append a path such as, default 3000 (milliseconds), duration to apply the, optional, by default Karate will auto-create a, the new Chromium based Microsoft Edge, using the, W3C Microsoft Edge WebDriver (the new one based on Chromium), also see, Windows Desktop automation, similar to Appium, This happens to be exactly equivalent to the above ! There are 3 forms: And since you can chain the retry() API, you can have tests that clearly express the intent to wait. In May 2020 it moved up to trial. "b": 2, Karate is an external domain-specific language based on Gherkin language to create API, Web UI, and Desktop UI tests. Make sure you call go() at the end - if the last method in the chain is not click() or up(). Karates native support for JSON means that you can assign parts of a JSON instance into another variable, which is useful when dealing with complex response payloads. The above example does not use shared scope, which means that the variables in the calling (parent) feature are not shared by the called my-signin.feature. There are two types of code that can be call-ed. This example actually calls into existing Java code, and being able to do this opens up a whole lot of possibilities. "arr": [ * url myUrl. Karate is the only open-source tool to combine API test-automation, mocks, performance-testing and even UI automation into a single, unified framework. You simply roll your own. { } If you want to disable the auto-embedding into the HTML report, pass an additional boolean argument as false, e.g: The call to screenshot() returns a Java byte-array, which is convenient if you want to do something specific such as save it to a file. A good example is when you want to use a CSV file as the request-body for a file-upload. The Karate project team is of the opinion that things can be made simpler. return sdf.format(date); Karate UI UI Test Automation Made Simple. The BDD syntax popularized by Cucumber is language-neutral, and easy for even non-programmers. } This will give you the usual HTML report showing what features will be run, including all steps shown (including comments) so that it can be reviewed. You should be able to run tests in parallel with ease ! From a file in the same package. Karate can split a test-suite across multiple machines or Docker containers for execution and aggregate the results. Here is a recap of symbols that can be used in JSON embedded expressions: There is a shortcut for match each explained in the next section that can be quite useful, especially for in-line schema-like validations. This gives you some powerful options, for example you can simulate Ajax and XHR failures, or even replace entire widgets or sections of the page with fake HTML. match each can be combined with contains deep so that for each JSON object a deep contains match is performed within nested lists or objects. Valid options are, Resemble option to ignore a specific color, Resemble option to override preset tolerances for color and brightness, SSIM grayscale algorithm. For example: While the tag does not need to be in the @key=value form, it is recommended for readability when you start getting into the business of giving meaningful names to your Scenario-s. This is where the friendly locators come in. return sdf.parse(s).time; // '.getTime()' would also have worked instead of '.time' Given url https://www.kloia.com/ Refer to the demo karate-config.js for an example and how the demo.server.port system-property is set-up in the test runner: TestBase.java. Refer to the demos for another example: soap.feature. And you can mix API and UI test-automation within the same test script. The documentation on how to run tests via the command line has an example of how to use tags to decide which tests to not run (or ignore). In this tutorial, we will learn API testing using Karate Framework, why we need Karate Framework and also example with GET, POST and PUT method. }, The demo also features code-coverage using Jacoco, and some tips for even non-Java back-ends. The Element API has getters for the following properties: This can be convenient in some cases, for example as an alternative to Friendly Locators. Assertions and HTML reports are built-in, and you can run tests in parallel for speed. [ This enables more concise tests, and the file can be re-usable in multiple, data-driven tests. This is a very powerful way to generate test-data without having to load a large number of data rows into memory. There is only one thing you need to do to switch the environment - which is to set a Java system property. """, //DEPS com.intuit.karate:karate-core:RELEASE:all, "https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users", * def expected = __num == 0 ? Karates approach is that all the step-definitions you need in order to work with HTTP, JSON and XML have been already implemented. Karate was based on Cucumber-JVM until version 0.8.0 but the parser and engine were re-written from scratch in 0.9.0 onwards. Either - it can be assigned to a variable like so. See also match header which is what you would normally need. Observe how the get shortcut is used to distill the result array of variable envelopes into an array consisting only of response payloads. # behind the scenes, it could be creating (or over-writing) a bunch of variables ! Here are the configuration keys supported: If you need to set any of these globally you can easily do so using the karate object in karate-config.js - for e.g: In rare cases where you need to add nested non-JSON data to the configure value, you have to play by the rules that apply within karate-config.js. This will fail the test if the element does not appear after the configured number of re-tries have been attempted. But this does not limit you in any way, because similar to how you can call *.feature files, you can pass a whole JSON object as the argument. } It is the opinion of the author of Karate that true BDD is un-necessary over-kill for API testing, and this is explained more in this answer on Stack Overflow. Normally an undefined variable results in nasty JavaScript errors. } If you have other questions or feedback, the comment section is yours. It is also possible to invoke a feature file via a Java API which can be useful in some test-automation situations. Useful for match contains assertions. This mechanism works by calling configure cookies behind the scenes and if you need to stop auto-adding cookies for future requests, just do this: Also refer to the built-in variable responseCookies for how you can access and perform assertions on cookie data values. And as a testing framework, Karate discourages tests that give different results on every run. } JSON objects become Java Map-s, JSON arrays become Java List-s, and Java Bean properties are accessible (and update-able) using dot notation e.g. API API POST API abcd : : You have the option to adjust the scope of the match, and here are examples: Note that {:4} can be used as a short-cut instead of {*:4}. What this means is that you are free to use whatever makes sense for you. The response is automatically available as a JSON, XML or String object depending on what the response contents are. You can do so by setting the charset to null via the configure keyword: If you need headers to be dynamically generated for each HTTP request, use a JavaScript function with configure headers instead of JSON. Another (simple) example of a custom Target you can use as a reference is this one: karate-devicefarm-demo - which demonstrates how Karate can be used to drive tests on AWS DeviceFarm. Job specializations: IT/Tech. POST method in HTTP is used to create a new resource on the server. Important: If you attempt to build a URL in the form ?myparam=value by using path the ? subType: The responseCookies variable is set upon any HTTP response and is a map-like (or JSON-like) object. ] And then you would use the built-in driver JS object for all other operations, combined with Karates match syntax for assertions where needed. This comes in useful because depending on how you organize your files and folders - you can have multiple feature files executed by a single JUnit test-class. With the formalities out of the way, lets dive straight into the syntax. } var foo = function(v){ return v * v }; But when you use the visible text-content, for example the text within a or hyperlink (), performing a selection can be far easier. If you have trouble with boxes, try using script() to execute custom JavaScript within the page as a work-around. Instead of using call (or callonce) you are always free to call JavaScript functions normally and then you can use more than one argument. # the step that immediately follows the above would typically be: * def putOrPost = (someVariable == 'dev' ? You can even remove JSON array elements by index. Each item within responseCookies is itself a map-like object. and & will be automatically inserted. These are essential HTTP operations, they focus on setting one (un-named or key-less) value at a time and therefore dont need an = sign in the syntax. Soumendra Daas has created a nice example and guide that you can use as a reference here: hello-karate. You can see how it can be re-used anywhere to scrape the contents out of any HTML tabular data, and all you need to do is supply the locator that matches the elements you are interested in. For teams familiar with or currently using REST-assured, this detailed comparison of Karate vs REST-assured - can help you evaluate Karate. There should always be karate-config.js in the root folder, even if you dont have any common config. Since it is so easy to dive into Java-interop, Karate does not include any random-number functions, uuid generator or date / time utilities out of the box. The not equals operator != works as you would expect: You typically will never need to use the != (not-equals) operator ! Karate has the following short-cut symbols designed to be mixed into embedded expressions: For completeness, == and != also belong in the above list. And this framework is the only API testing tool that has combined API Automation and performance testing into a single standalone tool. It is always start with Question mark (?). It uses the Gherkin syntax, made popular by Cucumber, which is language-neutral, easy to use even for non-programmers and is centered on Behavior Driven Development (BDD). Given the examples above, it has to be said that a best practice with Karate is to avoid JavaScript for loops as far as possible. There are multiple Karate API testing examples we are going to show you in this series. For convenience, you can have multiple expressions separated by commas, so this is the recommended pattern: Similar to assert, the expressions on the right-hand-side of a print have to be valid JavaScript. - Karate is BDD testing framework - Developer by Peter Thomas in 2017 (intuit). let's see few examples below: Locating an element using ID of the element And input ('#user-name',UIApp_username) And input ('#password',UIApp_password) Locating an element using CSS of the element Although it is just a few lines of code, take time to study the above example carefully. We suggest that you have a folder hierarchy only one or two levels deep - where the folder names clearly identify which resource, entity or API is the web-service under test. Checking if a string is contained within another string is a very common need and match (name) contains works just like youd expect: For case-insensitive string comparisons, see how to create custom utilities or karate.lowerCase(). Here is an example: Any Karate variable will be available to the template, which is users.html in this example. Note that forcing Scenario-s to run in a particular sequence is an anti-pattern, and should be avoided as far as possible. { The default is 30000 (30 seconds). You end up with a decent approximation of BDD even though web-services by nature are headless, without a UI, and not really human-friendly. Sometimes, because of an HTTP re-direct, it can be difficult for Karate to detect a page URL change, or it will be detected too soon, causing your test to fail. karate.set('temp', squares); top: 483, Note the use of the JavaScript String.includes() function to do a text contains match for convenience. """, """ data: { In his article, Peter writes about the test-automation framework Karate. When targeting a W3C WebDriver implementation, either as a local executable or Remote WebDriver, you can specify the JSON that will be passed as the payload to the Create Session API. The match keyword can be made to iterate over all elements in a JSON array using the each modifier. An image comparison UI will also be embedded into the Karate HTML report with detailed information about any differences between the two images. This is the recommended, browser-agnostic approach that uses Karates core-competency as an HTTP API client i.e. Here is an example of performing a configure driver step in JavaScript: By default, Karate will add logs to the report output so that HTTP requests and responses appear in-line in the HTML reports. This behavior where all key-value pairs in the returned map-like object get automatically added as variables - applies to the calling of *.feature files as well. There can be multiple Scenario-s in a *.feature file, and at least one should be present. Note that karate.signal() (described as part of the listen keyword) will be called internally and the listenResult will be the payload contents of the selected message. #(lang)#(user), """ The variable state after feature execution would be returned as a Map. Refer to the section on JsonPath short-cuts for a deeper understanding of named JsonPath expressions in Karate. Here is the same example using this approach, where a couple of images need to be saved as part of the test-script: A video of the above execution can be viewed here. Only one JSON argument is allowed, but this does not limit you in any way as you can use any complex JSON structure. Since these are tests and not production Java code, you dont need to be bound by the com.mycompany.foo.bar convention and the un-necessary explosion of sub-folders that ensues. - Mix API and UI test-automation. will get encoded into %3F. In the case of the call of a JavaScript function, you can also pass a JSON array or a primitive (string, number, boolean) as the solitary argument, and the function implementation is expected to handle whatever is passed. The default is: * configure driver = { headless: false }. To define Karate DSL, in simple words, we can say that it is a blend of API test-automation, mocks and performance-testing with UI-testing into a single, unified framework. It short-cuts to the pre-defined variable responseHeaders and reduces some complexity - because strictly, HTTP headers are a multi-valued map or a map of lists - the Java-speak equivalent being Map>. note that this cannot be dynamic (with in-line variables) so. This applies to JS functions as well: These heavily commented demo examples can help you understand shared scope better, and are designed to get you started with creating re-usable sign-in or authentication flows: Once you get comfortable with Karate, you can consider moving your authentication flow into a global one-time flow using karate.callSingle(), think of it as callonce on steroids. political education REST-style path parameters. It was first published by Peter Thomas in early 2017, and it gained traction pretty fast. function (config, downloadLatestFn) { Also see waitForEnabled() which is the preferred short-cut for the last example above, also look at the examples for chaining and then the section on waits. Get the outerHTML, so will include the markup of the selected element. Note that it is a map of lists so you will need to do things like this: And just as in the responseCookies example above, you can use match to run complex validations on the responseHeaders. The following table summarizes some key differences between Cucumber and Karate. You can selectively re-direct some HTTP requests that the browser makes - into a Karate test-double ! You can adjust configuration settings for the HTTP client used by Karate using this keyword. The DockerTarget implementation has an example and you can find more details here. The keywords Given When Then are only for decoration and should not be thought of as similar to an if - then - else statement. The signal to stop the loop is to return any not-null object. Also note that match contains any is possible for JSON objects as well as JSON arrays. Although rarely needed, variable references or expressions are also supported: This is a shortcut to assert the HTTP response code. before you fire the method. Refer to karate.tags and karate.tagValues. a The BDD syntax popularized by Cucumber is language-neutral, and easy for even non-programmers. The set of built-in functions that start with wait handle all the cases you would need to typically worry about. You can easily get the value of the current environment or profile, and then set up global variables using some simple JavaScript. The classpath is a Java concept and is where some configuration files such as the one for logging are expected to be by default. Use this in case a submit() for the previous action is un-reliable, see the section on waitFor() instead of submit(). A URL remains constant until you use the url keyword again, so this is a good place to set-up the non-changing parts of your REST URL-s. A URL can take expressions, so the approach below is legal. This does require you to move set-up into a separate *.feature (or JavaScript) file. And here is how cat-create.feature could look like: If you replace the table with perhaps a JavaScript function call that gets some JSON data from some data-source, you can imagine how you could go about dynamic data-driven testing. When you use a JUnit runner - after the execution of each feature, an HTML report is output to the target/karate-reports folder and the full path will be printed to the console (see video). It is worth taking a few minutes to go through the documentation and examples here: JsonPath Examples. a JSON array). created: { on: "#ignore" }, Since a scroll() + click() (or input()) is a common combination, you can chain these: This returns an instance of Mouse on which you can chain actions. You can optionally pass in variable values or over-ride config via a HashMap or leave the second-last argument as null. Dont forget to leave a comment below! sorts the list using the provided custom function called for each item in the list (and the optional second argument is the item index) e.g. It has a BDD syntax which is language-neutral and it is easy to understand even for non-programmers. * match response contains only deep { foo, # and you can use 'contains' the way you'd expect, # some more examples of validation macros, # this is also possible, see the subtle difference from the above, """ To force a null value, wrap it in parentheses: An alternate way to create data is using the set multiple syntax. kittens: [ The csv and yaml types can be initialized in-line using the triple quote or docstring multi-line approach as shown here. This is especially useful when capturing screenshots during tests and comparing against baseline images that are known to be correct. The wildcard locators are great when the human-facing visible text is within the HTML element that you want to interact with. You can select a single Scenario (or Scenario-s or Scenario Outline-s or even specific Examples rows) by appending a tag selector at the end of the feature-file you are calling. The @setup tag is built-in for this purpose and any Scenario tagged with this will behave like @ignore. To signal the end of the data, just return null. function() { Since multiple values are supported, you can also do this: A little-known capability of the Cucumber / Gherkin syntax is to be able to tag even specific rows in a bunch of examples ! Another example for a popular Maven reporting plugin that is compatible with Karate JSON is Cluecumber. 3+ years Selenium, Cucumber, BDD, Gherkin Karate or RestAssured framework, Jenkins and SonarCube . See this for an example. One of these is the use of a Gherkin file, which describes the tested feature. Here is an example: Here above, you see the karate.log(), karate.env and karate.configure() helpers being used. To create paginated pdf document from the page loaded. You should take a minute to compare this with the exact same example implemented in REST-assured and TestNG. The rare need to double-click is supported as a doubleClick() method: Closes the browser. By Clicking on each step in report we can see the steps information. If you have one pre-started, you need to use the playwrightUrl driver config. deleted: false While $ always refers to the JSON root, note the use of _$ above to represent the current node of a match each iteration. Karate makes re-use of payload data, utility-functions and even other test-scripts as easy as possible. And if you use the following mock, it will actually act as a pass-through proxy - but with the advantage that every single request and response will be emitted to target/karate.log. This is useful because the moment you use a wildcard [*] or search filter in JsonPath (see the next section), you get an array back - even though typically you would only be interested in the first item. The value column can take expressions, even XML chunks. name: 'Billie', status: '#number? Pay attention to the fact that the includes() function you see in the above example - is pure JavaScript. This is more compact, and is especially useful for expressions that do not start with the current DOM element. Here is an example of using a CSV file as the request-body: Karate provides a flexible way to compare two images to determine if they are the same or similar. Typically you would examine the value property as in the example above, but domain and path are also available. # but karate allows you to traverse xml like json !! Refer to your IDE documentation for how to run a JUnit class. And yes, you can use an if statement in Karate ! return a pretty-printed, nicely indented string representation of the JSON value, also see: return a pretty-printed, nicely indented string representation of the XML value, also see: get the value of any Java system-property by name, useful for, returns a JSON array of integers (inclusive), the optional third argument must be a positive integer and defaults to 1, and if start < end the order of values is reversed, very rarely used - when needing to perform conditional removal of JSON keys or XML nodes. And such re-use makes it easier to re-factor tests when needed, which is great for maintainability. This is best explained with an example. But this time, the return value from the call step will be a JSON array of the same size as the input array. In fact Gherkin supports the catch-all symbol * - instead of forcing you to use Given, When or Then. Karate has built-in support for re-trying an HTTP request until a certain condition has been met. Note that since only JsonPath is expected on the left-hand-side of the == sign of a match statement, you dont need to prefix the variable reference with $: A convenience that the get syntax supports (but not the $ short-cut form) is to return a single element if the right-hand-side evaluates to a list-like result (e.g. But use wisely, because called scripts will now over-write variables that may have been already defined. Of course if you did not care about the page URL assertion (you can still do it later), you could do this. XML and XPath works just like youd expect. Now we will create a scenario in feature file. "a": 1, # if the expression begins with "_" or "! You can always use a JavaScript switch case within an eval or function block. There is no concept of a default where for e.g. The syntax is similar to def but instead of a named variable, you update configuration. Note that Content-Type had to be enclosed in quotes in the JSON above because the - (hyphen character) would cause problems otherwise. path to file containing public and private keys for your client certificate. Note that the set (multiple) keyword can build complex, nested JSON (or XML) from scratch in a data-driven manner, and you may not even need to read from files for many situations. }] A karate-timeline.html file will also be saved to the report output directory mentioned above (target/karate-reports by default) - which is useful for visually verifying or troubleshooting the effectiveness of the test-run (see video). You can always use a JavaScript function or call Java for more complex logic. Here is an example of getting the computed style for a given element: For an advanced example of simulating a drag and drop operation see this answer on Stack Overflow. Allowed keystore types are as described in the. It is best explained via examples. """, """ Note that the JS function in this case is run by Karate not the browser, so you use the Java String.startsWith() API. So you can do this, without needing the https:// part: You can also switch by page index if you know it: This sets context to a chosen frame (or